Traditional mechanical processing methods (ordinary processing) are the same as precision and ultra precision processing methods. With the adoption of new technologies, processes, equipment, and testing techniques and instruments, their machining accuracy is constantly improving.

The continuous improvement of machining accuracy reflects the development trend of material segmentation level from macro to micro world during workpiece processing. As time progresses, machining accuracy that was previously considered difficult to achieve will become relatively easy. Therefore, ordinary machining, precision machining, and ultra precision machining are only relative concepts? The boundaries between them constantly change over time. The typical representative of precision cutting and ultra precision machining is diamond cutting.

Taking diamond cutting as an example. The arc radius of its blade has been developing towards a smaller direction. Because its size directly affects the roughness of the processed surface and is directly related to the reflectivity of the optical mirror, the requirements for the reflectivity of instruments and equipment are becoming increasingly high. The reflectivity of laser gyro mirrors has been proposed to reach 99.99%, which inevitably requires diamond cutting tools to be sharper. In order to conduct the extremely thin cutting experiment, the goal is to achieve a chip thickness of nm, and the arc radius of the tool edge should approach 2.4nm. In order to achieve this height, the traditional structure of the diamond grinding machine was changed. The spindle bearing uses air bearings as the support, and the end face runout of the grinding disc can be self corrected on the machine tool to control its end face runout within 0.5μ Below m.

In terms of cutting tools, diamond grinding wheels are used to control the back cut and feed rate. On ultra precision grinding machines, ductile grinding, namely nano grinding, can be carried out. Even the surface of glass can obtain an optical mirror. From a long-term development perspective, manufacturing technology is the main direction and strategic decision for the development of national economy in various countries around the world. It is one of the important means for a country's economic development, and also a long-term plan for a country to be independent, prosperous, economically stable, and technologically advanced. The development of technology has also put forward higher requirements for precision machining and ultra precision machining technology. From the lens of a celestial telescope to the linewidth of a large-scale integrated circuit; The highest dimensional accuracy of micro and nano sized parts required by m, regardless of their volume size, tends to be close to that of nanometers; The shape of parts is also becoming increasingly complex, and various aspherical surfaces are currently very typical geometric shapes. Micro mechanical technology brings a new trend to ultra precision manufacturing technology? Its micro level poses a new challenge to traditional manufacturing technology, promoting the improvement of various product technical performance. The development process presents a spiral cycle of development, directly contributing to the progress of science and technology and human civilization. The pursuit of high quality, miniaturization, high reliability, and high performance of products has led to the rapid development of ultra precision machining technology, which has now become an important component of modern manufacturing industry.